Minggu, 09 Maret 2014
Journal of
environmental pollution , Year 2013
The use of fossil energy sources by humans has led to increasing greenhouse gas emissions into the environment are causing global warming (global warming ) , environmental pollution and the depletion of the fossil energy sources . This resulted in the prosecution of sourcing more environmentally sustainable energy (renewable energy ) . One of them is the utilization of the waste that exists around us like a cow farm waste consisting of feces , urine and food remains . With a treatment of the fermentation process ( anaerobic ) in a digester on a livestock waste will produce environmentally friendly energy sources , namely biogas containing methane gas good for the combustion process because it produces a blue flame and odorless . Methane formation process consists of hydrolysis , acidification and metagonik . This anaerobic process requiring the condition C / N 20-25 , temperature 32 - 35oC or 50 - 55oC , pH between 6.8 to 8 as well as plenty of water . Residual waste treatment sludge cattle farm was able to reduce COD and BOD , total solid , volatile solid , nitrate nitrogen and organic nitrogen , coliform bacteria and other pathogens , eggs insecticides , parasites , also eliminate,or,decrease,the,odor .
INTRODUCTION
1.BACKGROUND
With the rapid advancement of human civilization will demand more and more human activities to be performed in the face of the earth for the purpose of subsistence . Almost all of these activities led to the accumulation of emissions of six greenhouse gases that cause global warming (global warming ) , namely carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexa fluoride , HFCs and PFCs as inferred by a group of researchers under the auspices of the Agency Peserikatan Nations ( UN ) , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or referred to the International Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . One of the largest contributors of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels ( fossil fuel ) such as coal , petroleum and natural gas,are,also,a,resource,that,can,not,be,updated .
Global warming is happening today has many negative impacts on human life such as causing an unstable climate , sea surface temperature increase , global temperatures will tend to increase , ecological disruption and impact on social and political life . because of this, it is essential that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions .
One attempt to do to impede global warming have He swore in the " Kyoto Protocol " in 1997 is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Bioenergy to be one thing that can be developed as an environmentally friendly alternative energy sources with the goal of reducing dependence,on,fossil,fuels,is,expensive,and,limited .
Bioenergy can be produced apart from plants that have been deliberately cultivated for bioenergy production can also be sought from the processing of waste generated from the activities of human life . Thus , expected in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions also reduce environmental problems and increase the value of the waste itself .
With the rapid advancement of human civilization will demand more and more human activities to be performed in the face of the earth for the purpose of subsistence . Almost all of these activities led to the accumulation of emissions of six greenhouse gases that cause global warming (global warming ) , namely carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , sulfur hexa fluoride , HFCs and PFCs as inferred by a group of researchers under the auspices of the Agency Peserikatan Nations ( UN ) , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or referred to the International Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . One of the largest contributors of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels ( fossil fuel ) such as coal , petroleum and natural gas,are,also,a,resource,that,can,not,be,updated .
Global warming is happening today has many negative impacts on human life such as causing an unstable climate , sea surface temperature increase , global temperatures will tend to increase , ecological disruption and impact on social and political life . because of this, it is essential that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions .
One attempt to do to impede global warming have He swore in the " Kyoto Protocol " in 1997 is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Bioenergy to be one thing that can be developed as an environmentally friendly alternative energy sources with the goal of reducing dependence,on,fossil,fuels,is,expensive,and,limited .
Bioenergy can be produced apart from plants that have been deliberately cultivated for bioenergy production can also be sought from the processing of waste generated from the activities of human life . Thus , expected in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions also reduce environmental problems and increase the value of the waste itself .
And one of the waste
generated from the activities of human life is a waste of effort cattle ranch,consisting,of,feces,urine,gas,and,residual,forage .Particularly
cattle farm waste is waste material from cattle business which has also become
a source of problems in human life as the cause of declining environmental
quality through pollution , harm the health of humans and also as a contributor
to greenhouse gas emissions . In general, livestock waste is only used for the
manufacture of organic fertilizer . For it is only fitting the need for
livestock waste processing business into a product that can be exploited by
human and environmentally friendly.
Processing farm waste through anaerobic or fermentation process should be encouraged because it can produce biogas to be one type of bioenergy . Processing farm waste into biogas is expected to reduce dependence on fossil fuels is expensive and limited , reducing environmental pollution and make business opportunities for farmers as much manure products,primarily,needed,by,the,community .
2.The,purpose,Penullisan,Scientific
The purpose of writing this paper in addition to the fulfillment of the task of Scientific Presentations Course at the Graduate Program in Management of Natural Resources and Environment University of Bengkulu also want to discuss the waste from cattle business in the form of cow dung which is a mixture of feces and urine cattle feed as well as the rest of the less seen previously there be a useful benefit in reducing dependence on fossil energy sources. .
B.DISCUSSION
1.Bioenergy,as,Alternative,Energy
Energy resources play an important role in all aspects of national economic development . Energy is needed for the growth of industrial activities , services , transportation and housekeeping . In the long term , the role of energy will be developed to support the growth of the industrial sector and other related activities . Although Indonesia is one country producing coal , oil and gas , but with decreasing oil reserves and the removal of subsidies led to rising oil prices and declining environmental quality due to the use of fossil fuels excessive .
Due to the use of fossil fuels ( fossil fuel ) in the long run it turns out has negative implications for life in the world . The results of the study of a group of researchers under the auspices of Peserikatan Nations ( UN ) , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , or referred to the International Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , said the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum , coal and natural gas have donated large enough emissions of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere that took part in the process of global warming(global,warming) .
Global warming is a very negative impact on the stability of human life , among others, led to an unstable climate , sea surface temperature increase , global temperatures will tend to increase the world , ecological disruption and impact on social and political life .
This condition is very alarming , dependence on energy sources can not be avoided , with the rapid advancement of human civilization the need for sources of energy in every sector of life is enormous . Indonesian society dependence on oil is very huge . Based on data from EMR (2006 ) , 52.5 % of oil dominates the energy consumption in Indonesia , natural gas 19% , coal 21.5 % , water 3.7 % , 3% geothermal and renewable energy (renewable) only about 0.2% daro total energy use. By looking at the negative implications of the use of fossil fuels on the environment and the limited supply has driven the search for alternative energy sources are expected to also be environmentally friendly and renewable (renewable). Yet according to EMR Data (2006), Indonesia's oil reserve is only about 9 billion barrels per year and Indonesian production is only about 900 million barrels per year. If it continues consumed and no new reserves are found or not found a new technology to improve oil recovery, Indonesia's oil reserve is estimated to run out in the next two-three years (see table 1).The more the soaring price of fuel oil ( BBM ) because of high fuel prices on the world market is very burdensome to the community , especially for people who are in remote areas which are pockets of the poor because of fuel prices at this location could rise 2-8 fold higher than prices in urban areas . Not to mention the complete fuel problems , electrical problems sticking anyway . Power outages turns into consumer spending in some areas . State Electricity Company ( PLN ) is faced with the problem difficult to buy coal as a fuel propulsion power plants owned by PLN . Scarcity of coal for electricity businesses is due Indonesian coal production is melimbah most ( 75 % ) actually exported abroad .
Problems of community life and the earth is not only the scarcity of fossil fuels alone . It turns out that the use of fossil fuels and the continuous large number of negative implications for the issues of environmental pollution and contributing to global warming that impact negatively,on,the,lives,of,living,beings,on,earth .
It is time for Indonesia to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by developing alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly and renewable (renewable ) . One type of alternative fuel in question is bioenergy . According to Hambali , et al . , 2007, that there is some kind of bias energy used instead of fossil fuels such as battery power ( fuel cells ) , geothermal ( geo - thermal ) , marine power (ocean of power ) , solar energy ( solar power ) , power wind ( wind power ) , nuclear and bioenergy , and among the types of alternative energy , bioenergy suitable to tackle the problem because some of the excess energy
Bioenergy is renewable in addition to environmentally friendly , biodegradable , able to eliminate the effects of the glass Rumak and continuity of raw materials is guaranteed . Bioenergy feedstock can be obtained in a simple way is through the cultivation of biofuel crops and utilize existing waste around human life ( Setiawan , 2008 ) .
Bioenergy is now known that there are two forms of traditional and modern . Bioenergy traditional firewood is frequently encountered , whereas modern bioenergy include bioethanol , biodiesel , PPO or SVO and biogas . Bioenergy derived from biomass that is materials produced by living organisms ( plants , animals and microorganisms ) . Indonesia has many natural resources that can be utilized as raw material bionergi . Development of bioenergy as an alternative energy source is very suitable applied because it is supported by the availability of sufficient land to grow biofuel crops and livestock .
Indonesia has the land resources for the development of a very wide variety of agricultural commodities . Indonesia's land area reaches 188.20 million ha , consisting of 148 million ha of dry land and 40.20 million ha of wetlands , soil type , climate , physiography , parent material ( volcanic fertile ) , and this elevation beragam.Kondisi allows for the utilization of various types of plants , including commodity -producing bioenergy ( Mulyani and Las , 2008) . And some bioenergy feedstock is oil palm , sago , coconut , cassava , jatropha , sugar cane,corn,and,livestock,waste(Hambali,et,al.2007) .
2.Biogas,from,Cattle,Waste
Farm waste such as feces , urine along with the rest of the cattle feed is a source of material that can be used to produce biogas . But on the other hand the development or growth of the livestock industry poses a problem for the environment such as farm waste accumulated waste inside the exclusion of dairy farms . This waste into manure decomposition of pollutants due to the form of BOD and COD ( Biological / Chemical Oxygen Demand ) , a bacterial pathogen that causes water pollution ( contamination of ground water , surface water ),air,pollution,with,dust,and,odors,caused.
Biogas is a renewable energy that can be used as an alternative fuel to replace fuel derived from fossil such as kerosene and natural gas ( Houdkova et al , 2008) . Biogas as well as one type of bioenergy is defined as a gas that is released when organic materials such as animal manure , human waste , straw , husks and leaves the result assortment of vegetables fermented or undergo a process metanisasi ( Hambali E. , 2008) .
Methane gas has long been used by the Egyptians , Chinese , and ancient Rome to be burned and used as a producer heat. While further fermentation process to produce methane gas was first discovered by Alessandro Volta (1776). The results of the identification of flammable gas is done by Willam Henry in 1806. And Becham (1868) student of Louis Pasteur and Tappeiner (1882) were the first to demonstrate the microbiological origin of the formation of methane gas.
Processing farm waste through anaerobic or fermentation process should be encouraged because it can produce biogas to be one type of bioenergy . Processing farm waste into biogas is expected to reduce dependence on fossil fuels is expensive and limited , reducing environmental pollution and make business opportunities for farmers as much manure products,primarily,needed,by,the,community .
2.The,purpose,Penullisan,Scientific
The purpose of writing this paper in addition to the fulfillment of the task of Scientific Presentations Course at the Graduate Program in Management of Natural Resources and Environment University of Bengkulu also want to discuss the waste from cattle business in the form of cow dung which is a mixture of feces and urine cattle feed as well as the rest of the less seen previously there be a useful benefit in reducing dependence on fossil energy sources. .
B.DISCUSSION
1.Bioenergy,as,Alternative,Energy
Energy resources play an important role in all aspects of national economic development . Energy is needed for the growth of industrial activities , services , transportation and housekeeping . In the long term , the role of energy will be developed to support the growth of the industrial sector and other related activities . Although Indonesia is one country producing coal , oil and gas , but with decreasing oil reserves and the removal of subsidies led to rising oil prices and declining environmental quality due to the use of fossil fuels excessive .
Due to the use of fossil fuels ( fossil fuel ) in the long run it turns out has negative implications for life in the world . The results of the study of a group of researchers under the auspices of Peserikatan Nations ( UN ) , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , or referred to the International Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , said the use of fossil fuels such as petroleum , coal and natural gas have donated large enough emissions of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere that took part in the process of global warming(global,warming) .
Global warming is a very negative impact on the stability of human life , among others, led to an unstable climate , sea surface temperature increase , global temperatures will tend to increase the world , ecological disruption and impact on social and political life .
This condition is very alarming , dependence on energy sources can not be avoided , with the rapid advancement of human civilization the need for sources of energy in every sector of life is enormous . Indonesian society dependence on oil is very huge . Based on data from EMR (2006 ) , 52.5 % of oil dominates the energy consumption in Indonesia , natural gas 19% , coal 21.5 % , water 3.7 % , 3% geothermal and renewable energy (renewable) only about 0.2% daro total energy use. By looking at the negative implications of the use of fossil fuels on the environment and the limited supply has driven the search for alternative energy sources are expected to also be environmentally friendly and renewable (renewable). Yet according to EMR Data (2006), Indonesia's oil reserve is only about 9 billion barrels per year and Indonesian production is only about 900 million barrels per year. If it continues consumed and no new reserves are found or not found a new technology to improve oil recovery, Indonesia's oil reserve is estimated to run out in the next two-three years (see table 1).The more the soaring price of fuel oil ( BBM ) because of high fuel prices on the world market is very burdensome to the community , especially for people who are in remote areas which are pockets of the poor because of fuel prices at this location could rise 2-8 fold higher than prices in urban areas . Not to mention the complete fuel problems , electrical problems sticking anyway . Power outages turns into consumer spending in some areas . State Electricity Company ( PLN ) is faced with the problem difficult to buy coal as a fuel propulsion power plants owned by PLN . Scarcity of coal for electricity businesses is due Indonesian coal production is melimbah most ( 75 % ) actually exported abroad .
Problems of community life and the earth is not only the scarcity of fossil fuels alone . It turns out that the use of fossil fuels and the continuous large number of negative implications for the issues of environmental pollution and contributing to global warming that impact negatively,on,the,lives,of,living,beings,on,earth .
It is time for Indonesia to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by developing alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly and renewable (renewable ) . One type of alternative fuel in question is bioenergy . According to Hambali , et al . , 2007, that there is some kind of bias energy used instead of fossil fuels such as battery power ( fuel cells ) , geothermal ( geo - thermal ) , marine power (ocean of power ) , solar energy ( solar power ) , power wind ( wind power ) , nuclear and bioenergy , and among the types of alternative energy , bioenergy suitable to tackle the problem because some of the excess energy
Bioenergy is renewable in addition to environmentally friendly , biodegradable , able to eliminate the effects of the glass Rumak and continuity of raw materials is guaranteed . Bioenergy feedstock can be obtained in a simple way is through the cultivation of biofuel crops and utilize existing waste around human life ( Setiawan , 2008 ) .
Bioenergy is now known that there are two forms of traditional and modern . Bioenergy traditional firewood is frequently encountered , whereas modern bioenergy include bioethanol , biodiesel , PPO or SVO and biogas . Bioenergy derived from biomass that is materials produced by living organisms ( plants , animals and microorganisms ) . Indonesia has many natural resources that can be utilized as raw material bionergi . Development of bioenergy as an alternative energy source is very suitable applied because it is supported by the availability of sufficient land to grow biofuel crops and livestock .
Indonesia has the land resources for the development of a very wide variety of agricultural commodities . Indonesia's land area reaches 188.20 million ha , consisting of 148 million ha of dry land and 40.20 million ha of wetlands , soil type , climate , physiography , parent material ( volcanic fertile ) , and this elevation beragam.Kondisi allows for the utilization of various types of plants , including commodity -producing bioenergy ( Mulyani and Las , 2008) . And some bioenergy feedstock is oil palm , sago , coconut , cassava , jatropha , sugar cane,corn,and,livestock,waste(Hambali,et,al.2007) .
2.Biogas,from,Cattle,Waste
Farm waste such as feces , urine along with the rest of the cattle feed is a source of material that can be used to produce biogas . But on the other hand the development or growth of the livestock industry poses a problem for the environment such as farm waste accumulated waste inside the exclusion of dairy farms . This waste into manure decomposition of pollutants due to the form of BOD and COD ( Biological / Chemical Oxygen Demand ) , a bacterial pathogen that causes water pollution ( contamination of ground water , surface water ),air,pollution,with,dust,and,odors,caused.
Biogas is a renewable energy that can be used as an alternative fuel to replace fuel derived from fossil such as kerosene and natural gas ( Houdkova et al , 2008) . Biogas as well as one type of bioenergy is defined as a gas that is released when organic materials such as animal manure , human waste , straw , husks and leaves the result assortment of vegetables fermented or undergo a process metanisasi ( Hambali E. , 2008) .
Methane gas has long been used by the Egyptians , Chinese , and ancient Rome to be burned and used as a producer heat. While further fermentation process to produce methane gas was first discovered by Alessandro Volta (1776). The results of the identification of flammable gas is done by Willam Henry in 1806. And Becham (1868) student of Louis Pasteur and Tappeiner (1882) were the first to demonstrate the microbiological origin of the formation of methane gas.
This
gas comes from a
wide variety of organic waste biomass such as
garbage, human waste, animal waste can be harnessed into energy through anaerobic
digestion process (testifying, 2008). Biogas
is formed can
be used as fuel for
a gas containing methane
(CH4) in a fairly
high percentage. Tersajikan biogas
components. For power
plants, the energy produced by
biogas equivalent to 60-100 watt light
bulbs for 6 hours.
Equality biogas compared
to other fuels Biogas as a
renewable energy source that can address the need for energy while providing
the needs of the soil nutrient liquid and solid fertilizers are byproducts and
to reduce the greenhouse effect . Utilization of biogas as an alternative
energy source to reduce the use of firewood . Thus it can reduce logging
operations , so that the forest ecosystem is maintained. Biogas produces a
clean blue flame and produces no smoke .
Biogas energy potential to be developed because they farm biogas production is supported by the favorable conditions of the world perkembangkan dairy farms in Indonesia today . In addition, the increase in electricity tariff , increase in the price of LPG ( Liquefied Petroleum Gas ) , premium , kerosene , diesel oil , diesel oil and fuel oil has prompted the development of energy sources elternatif cheap , sustainable and environmentally friendly ( Nurhasanah et al.,2006) .
Increased need for self-sufficiency in milk and meat in 2010 launching in Indonesia has changed the pattern of development of small-scale agribusiness farms become medium scale / large . In some regions have evolved cooperative dairy , beef cattle farm in partnership with perkebunaan palm oil and so on . These conditions favor the availability of raw materials continuously biogas in sufficient quantities to produce biogas .
Biogas energy potential to be developed because they farm biogas production is supported by the favorable conditions of the world perkembangkan dairy farms in Indonesia today . In addition, the increase in electricity tariff , increase in the price of LPG ( Liquefied Petroleum Gas ) , premium , kerosene , diesel oil , diesel oil and fuel oil has prompted the development of energy sources elternatif cheap , sustainable and environmentally friendly ( Nurhasanah et al.,2006) .
Increased need for self-sufficiency in milk and meat in 2010 launching in Indonesia has changed the pattern of development of small-scale agribusiness farms become medium scale / large . In some regions have evolved cooperative dairy , beef cattle farm in partnership with perkebunaan palm oil and so on . These conditions favor the availability of raw materials continuously biogas in sufficient quantities to produce biogas .
Utilization of farm
wastes particularly cattle dung into biogas to support the concept of zero
waste to sustainable agricultural systems and environmentally friendly can be
achieved .
According to Santi (2006 ) , some of the advantages the use of manure as a producer of biogas as follows:
According to Santi (2006 ) , some of the advantages the use of manure as a producer of biogas as follows:
1 . Reduce the environmental pollution of water and soil , air pollution ( odor ) .
2 . Utilizing livestock waste as biogas fuel which can be used as an alternative energy for household use .
3 . Reduce costs for the energy needs of farmers for household activities are meant to improve the welfare of farmers .
4 . Carry out an assessment of the possibilities to be exploited biogas electrical energy to be applied in locations that do not have access to electricity .
5 . Carry out an assessment of the possibility
exploited this activity as a proposal for a clean development mechanism ( Clean Development Mechanism ) .
3.Being,Cattle,Waste,Biogas
Processing waste into biogas cattle ranch in principle using the same methods and equipment to the processing of biogas from biomass other . The device of the first anaerobic biogas was built in 1900 . At the end of the 19th century , research to make methane as biogas made by Germany and France in the period between the two World Wars . During World War II , many farmers in the UK and Continental Europe are making small biogas generating tools that are used to drive the tractor . Due to the ease of obtaining fuel and the price is cheap in the 1950s , the use of biogas is becoming obsolete . However , in developing countries will need a cheap source of energy and is always available is always there . Therefore , the production activities in India biogas continued since the 19th century . Currently , other developing countries , such as China , Philippines , Korea , Taiwan , and Papua New Guinea have conducted various research and development tool producing biogas . In addition to the developing countries , biogas technology has also been developed in developed countries such,as,Germany .
In principle, biogas technology is a technology that utilizes the fermentation process ( decay ) of organic waste in anaerobic ( without air ) bacteria to produce methane gas methane ( Nandiyanto , 2007) . According Haryati (2006 ) , the process of anaerobic digestion is the basis of the process of solving the biogas reactor bahanorganik by methanogenic bacteria and bacterial activity asidogenik without air conditions , these bacteria naturally present in the waste containing organic matter , such as animal dung , human , and trash organic household . Methane gas is a gas that contains one atom of C and 4 H atoms which have flammable properties . The resulting methane gas can then be burned to produce heat energy . Organic materials that can be used as an industrial raw material is organic waste , waste consisting mostly of dirt and small pieces of plant residues , such as straw and so on as well as plenty of water .
The fermentation process requires certain conditions such as the C: N ratio , temperature , acidity is also the type of digester used . The optimum conditions at a temperature of about 32-35 ° C or 50-55 ° C and pH between 6.8 to 8 . In this condition the process of digestion of organic matter in the presence of changing water into gas energy .
When viewed in terms of waste treatment , anaerobic process also provides several other advantages : lower COD and BOD , total solid , volatile solid , nitrate nitrogen and organic nitrogen , coliform bacteria and other pathogens , eggs insecticides , parasites , and smell .
Anaerobic digestion process , which is the basis of the process of solving the biogas reactor organic matter by methanogenic bacteria and bacterial activity asidogenik on without air condition . These bacteria are naturally present in the waste containing organic matter , such as animal dung , human , and household organic waste .
Processing waste into biogas cattle ranch in principle using the same methods and equipment to the processing of biogas from biomass other . The device of the first anaerobic biogas was built in 1900 . At the end of the 19th century , research to make methane as biogas made by Germany and France in the period between the two World Wars . During World War II , many farmers in the UK and Continental Europe are making small biogas generating tools that are used to drive the tractor . Due to the ease of obtaining fuel and the price is cheap in the 1950s , the use of biogas is becoming obsolete . However , in developing countries will need a cheap source of energy and is always available is always there . Therefore , the production activities in India biogas continued since the 19th century . Currently , other developing countries , such as China , Philippines , Korea , Taiwan , and Papua New Guinea have conducted various research and development tool producing biogas . In addition to the developing countries , biogas technology has also been developed in developed countries such,as,Germany .
In principle, biogas technology is a technology that utilizes the fermentation process ( decay ) of organic waste in anaerobic ( without air ) bacteria to produce methane gas methane ( Nandiyanto , 2007) . According Haryati (2006 ) , the process of anaerobic digestion is the basis of the process of solving the biogas reactor bahanorganik by methanogenic bacteria and bacterial activity asidogenik without air conditions , these bacteria naturally present in the waste containing organic matter , such as animal dung , human , and trash organic household . Methane gas is a gas that contains one atom of C and 4 H atoms which have flammable properties . The resulting methane gas can then be burned to produce heat energy . Organic materials that can be used as an industrial raw material is organic waste , waste consisting mostly of dirt and small pieces of plant residues , such as straw and so on as well as plenty of water .
The fermentation process requires certain conditions such as the C: N ratio , temperature , acidity is also the type of digester used . The optimum conditions at a temperature of about 32-35 ° C or 50-55 ° C and pH between 6.8 to 8 . In this condition the process of digestion of organic matter in the presence of changing water into gas energy .
When viewed in terms of waste treatment , anaerobic process also provides several other advantages : lower COD and BOD , total solid , volatile solid , nitrate nitrogen and organic nitrogen , coliform bacteria and other pathogens , eggs insecticides , parasites , and smell .
Anaerobic digestion process , which is the basis of the process of solving the biogas reactor organic matter by methanogenic bacteria and bacterial activity asidogenik on without air condition . These bacteria are naturally present in the waste containing organic matter , such as animal dung , human , and household organic waste .
According Haryati (2006
) , biogas formation process involves three stages , namely :
1 . Hydrolysis , at this stage of degradation of organic materials soluble and solving complex organic matter into simple with the help of water ( change the structure of the polymer forms into,monomeric,forms,) .
2 . Acidification , the acid stage monomer components ( simple sugars ) that form the hydrolysis stage will be food for acid-forming bacteria . The final product of the overhaul that simple sugars are acetic acid , propionic , format , lactate , alcohol , and slightly butyrate , carbon,dioxide,hydrogen,and,ammonia .
3 . Methanogenic , methanogenic stage occurs in the process of formation of methane gas . Sulfate reducing bacteria are also present in this process that will reduce sulfates and other sulfur,components,into,hydrogen,sulfide .
If seen the analysis of environmental impacts of sludge output ( slurry ) from the digester showed a decrease of COD by 90 % of the starting material and conditions pebandingan BOD / COD ratio was 0.37, smaller than normal waste BOD / COD = 0.5 . While the main elements of N ( 1.82 % ) , P ( 0.73 % ) and K ( 0.41 % ) did not show significant differences compared compost ( reference : N ( 1.45 % ) , P ( 1.10 % ) and K ( 1.10 % ) ( Widodo et al . , 2006) . Based on this research , a byproduct of this fertilizer contains less pathogenic bacteria making it safe for fertilizing vegetables / fruits , especially for fresh consumption ( Widodo et al.,2006) .
Currently various types of materials and equipment size biogas has been developed so that it can be adapted to the characteristics of the area , the type , number and manure management . Equipment and processing and utilization of biogas is shown in the following figure .
Digester can be made of plastic material Polyetil Propilene ( PP ) , fiber glass or cement , while varying sizes ranging from 4-35 m3 . Biogas can be operated with the smallest size with 3 head of cattle manure .
1 . Hydrolysis , at this stage of degradation of organic materials soluble and solving complex organic matter into simple with the help of water ( change the structure of the polymer forms into,monomeric,forms,) .
2 . Acidification , the acid stage monomer components ( simple sugars ) that form the hydrolysis stage will be food for acid-forming bacteria . The final product of the overhaul that simple sugars are acetic acid , propionic , format , lactate , alcohol , and slightly butyrate , carbon,dioxide,hydrogen,and,ammonia .
3 . Methanogenic , methanogenic stage occurs in the process of formation of methane gas . Sulfate reducing bacteria are also present in this process that will reduce sulfates and other sulfur,components,into,hydrogen,sulfide .
If seen the analysis of environmental impacts of sludge output ( slurry ) from the digester showed a decrease of COD by 90 % of the starting material and conditions pebandingan BOD / COD ratio was 0.37, smaller than normal waste BOD / COD = 0.5 . While the main elements of N ( 1.82 % ) , P ( 0.73 % ) and K ( 0.41 % ) did not show significant differences compared compost ( reference : N ( 1.45 % ) , P ( 1.10 % ) and K ( 1.10 % ) ( Widodo et al . , 2006) . Based on this research , a byproduct of this fertilizer contains less pathogenic bacteria making it safe for fertilizing vegetables / fruits , especially for fresh consumption ( Widodo et al.,2006) .
Currently various types of materials and equipment size biogas has been developed so that it can be adapted to the characteristics of the area , the type , number and manure management . Equipment and processing and utilization of biogas is shown in the following figure .
Digester can be made of plastic material Polyetil Propilene ( PP ) , fiber glass or cement , while varying sizes ranging from 4-35 m3 . Biogas can be operated with the smallest size with 3 head of cattle manure .
How Operation
Processing Unit ( Digester ) Biogas as terjabar in Bioenergy Series Rural
Directorate General Directorate of Agricultural Products Processing and
Marketing of Agricultural Products Processing Department of Agriculture in 2009
as follows :
1 . Make a mixture of manure and water in the ratio 1 : 2 ( materials of biogas ) .
2 . Put the ingredients into a biogas digester through the filling opening ( inlet ) until the ingredients are incorporated into the digester there is little that comes out through the drain holes ( outlets ) , will now take place in the process of biogas production in the digester .
3 . After approximately 8 days biogas formed in the digester had enough . In the biogas processing system that uses plastic materials , biogas reservoir will look swollen and hardened due to the biogas produced . Biogas can be used as an ingredient already
fuel,biogas,stove,can,be,operated .
4 . Subsequent biogas refueling can be done every day , as many as approximately 10 % of the volume of the digester . The rest of the material in the form of biogas sludge will automatically come out of the drain holes ( outlet ) every time the biogas refueling . The rest of the processing of materials can be used such biogas as manure / organic fertilizer , either wet,or,dry .
The biogas produced can be accommodated in a plastic reservoir or used directly on the stove to cook , drive electric generators , biogas patromas , space heating / hatching egg box and so forth .
To utilize cow manure into biogas , which takes some of the terms related to the technical aspects , infrastructure , and human resources management . If these factors are met , the use of livestock manure into biogas as an energy supply in rural areas can run optimally .
According to Sulaiman (2008 ) , there are ten factors that can affect the optimization of the use,of,cow,manure,into,biogas,that,is:
1.availability,of,livestock
Type the number and distribution of livestock in an area can be a potential for the development of biogas . This is because it is run by utilizing biogas manure . Animal manure can be processed into biogas derived from ruminant and non-ruminant livestock such as beef cattle,dairy,cattle,and,swine,as,well,as,poultry .
Livestock types affect the amount of dirt that it generates . To run an individual scale biogas or manure necessary household of 3 cows , pigs or 7 , or 400 chickens .
2.Livestockownership
The number of livestock owned by farmers to base the selection of the type and capacity of biogas that can be used . Currently the capacity of the smallest household biogas can be run with manure from cows 3 or 7 or 400 pigs chickens . When cattle are owned by more than this amount , the biogas can be chosen with a larger capacity ( made from fiber or cement ) or some,household,scale,biogas .
3.Pattern,of,Livestock
Availability of manure biogas needs to be maintained in order to function optimally . Animal manure is more easily obtained when the animals are maintained in a manner grounded compared,to,the,way,grazing .
4.availability,of,Land
Land required to build biogas enclosure around its range depends on the type and capacity of the biogas . Land needed to build the smallest scale biogas ( household ) is 14 m2 ( 7m x 2m ) .While the smallest scale communal needs land for 40m2 ( 8m x 5m ) .
5.Labor
To operate biogas necessary labor from the farmer / manager itself. It is important to remember biogas can function optimally when charging sewage into the reactor is done well and,done,maintenance,equipment.
Many cases concerning the operation or not is not optimal due to biogas : first , the lack of manpower to handle such units , secondly , farmers / managers do not have time to replenish the dirt because they have other jobs in addition to raising livestock .
1 . Make a mixture of manure and water in the ratio 1 : 2 ( materials of biogas ) .
2 . Put the ingredients into a biogas digester through the filling opening ( inlet ) until the ingredients are incorporated into the digester there is little that comes out through the drain holes ( outlets ) , will now take place in the process of biogas production in the digester .
3 . After approximately 8 days biogas formed in the digester had enough . In the biogas processing system that uses plastic materials , biogas reservoir will look swollen and hardened due to the biogas produced . Biogas can be used as an ingredient already
fuel,biogas,stove,can,be,operated .
4 . Subsequent biogas refueling can be done every day , as many as approximately 10 % of the volume of the digester . The rest of the material in the form of biogas sludge will automatically come out of the drain holes ( outlet ) every time the biogas refueling . The rest of the processing of materials can be used such biogas as manure / organic fertilizer , either wet,or,dry .
The biogas produced can be accommodated in a plastic reservoir or used directly on the stove to cook , drive electric generators , biogas patromas , space heating / hatching egg box and so forth .
To utilize cow manure into biogas , which takes some of the terms related to the technical aspects , infrastructure , and human resources management . If these factors are met , the use of livestock manure into biogas as an energy supply in rural areas can run optimally .
According to Sulaiman (2008 ) , there are ten factors that can affect the optimization of the use,of,cow,manure,into,biogas,that,is:
1.availability,of,livestock
Type the number and distribution of livestock in an area can be a potential for the development of biogas . This is because it is run by utilizing biogas manure . Animal manure can be processed into biogas derived from ruminant and non-ruminant livestock such as beef cattle,dairy,cattle,and,swine,as,well,as,poultry .
Livestock types affect the amount of dirt that it generates . To run an individual scale biogas or manure necessary household of 3 cows , pigs or 7 , or 400 chickens .
2.Livestockownership
The number of livestock owned by farmers to base the selection of the type and capacity of biogas that can be used . Currently the capacity of the smallest household biogas can be run with manure from cows 3 or 7 or 400 pigs chickens . When cattle are owned by more than this amount , the biogas can be chosen with a larger capacity ( made from fiber or cement ) or some,household,scale,biogas .
3.Pattern,of,Livestock
Availability of manure biogas needs to be maintained in order to function optimally . Animal manure is more easily obtained when the animals are maintained in a manner grounded compared,to,the,way,grazing .
4.availability,of,Land
Land required to build biogas enclosure around its range depends on the type and capacity of the biogas . Land needed to build the smallest scale biogas ( household ) is 14 m2 ( 7m x 2m ) .While the smallest scale communal needs land for 40m2 ( 8m x 5m ) .
5.Labor
To operate biogas necessary labor from the farmer / manager itself. It is important to remember biogas can function optimally when charging sewage into the reactor is done well and,done,maintenance,equipment.
Many cases concerning the operation or not is not optimal due to biogas : first , the lack of manpower to handle such units , secondly , farmers / managers do not have time to replenish the dirt because they have other jobs in addition to raising livestock .
6.Waste,Management/Stools
Waste Management / dirt associated with the determination of the composition of solid liquid manure to produce biogas appropriate , the frequency of intake of dirt , and transporting manure,or,run,off,into,Raktor .
Raw materials (raw materials ) manure biogas reactor is melting the solid composition in accordance ie 1 versus 2 . In the dairy liquid manure solid composition typically been appropriate, but the addition of beef cattle need water in order to be appropriate composition .
Frequency of intake of dirt done regularly every day or every two days depending on the amount of dirt that is available and supporting facilities owned . Entry of these impurities can be done manually or by way of transported through the channel .
7.Energy,Needs
Manure management through the process of an- aerobic reactor will produce a gas that can be used as energy . Thus , farmers will need energy from biogas sources must be one of the main factors . This is because , when other energy such as electricity , kerosene or firewood easy , cheap and available enough in the breeder , then the energy that comes from biogas is not attractive,to,be,used .
When energy from other sources available , farmers can be directed to process manure into compost,or,compost,worms(vermicompost) .
8.Distance,(cage-biogas-house)
The energy generated from biogas reactors can be used for cooking , lighting petromak , run electrical generators , engines egg warmers / ungas etc. . Besides hot water generated can be used,for,sanitary,processes,dairy,cows .
The utilization of this energy can be optimal when the distance between livestock barns , biogas reactors and breeder houses telampau not reach far and still allow the distribution of biogas installations . Because in general the use of biogas is done in house breeder good for cooking,and,other,purposes .
9.Biogas,Side,Management,Results
Biogas byproduct management intended to use it as fertilizer liquid or solid manure ( compost ) . Pengeolahannya relatively simple: for liquid manure fermented with the addition of bio-activator that can be better haranya elements , while to make compost byproduct of biogas need to be reduced water content in a way precipitated , filtered or dried .
Fertilizer produced can be used alone or sold to a local farmer groups and become an additional,source,for,farmers .
10.Supporting,Facilities
Means of support in the utilization of biogas consists of waterways / drainage , water and tools . These tools can facilitate the operation and maintenance of biogas installations . The drains can be used to drain the manure from the stables to the biogas reactor so that the dirt does not need to be transported manually . Water used to clean animal cages and are also used to make solid liquid manure composition accordingly. While working equipment is used to facilitate / ease the work / maintenance of biogas installations .
4.The,Potential,of,Biogas,from,Waste,Cattle,in,Indonesia
In general, cattle farmers in Indonesia have an average of 2-5 cows with scattered locations are not clustered . So that was a good waste handling solids, liquids and gases such as feces and urine as well as the rest of the feed discharged into the environment causing pollution . Waste treatment is simply to use as organic fertilizer . ( MOA , 2006)
Known cow weighing 450 kg of waste in the form of feces and urine of approximately 25 kg per day ( MOA , 2006) .
Waste Management / dirt associated with the determination of the composition of solid liquid manure to produce biogas appropriate , the frequency of intake of dirt , and transporting manure,or,run,off,into,Raktor .
Raw materials (raw materials ) manure biogas reactor is melting the solid composition in accordance ie 1 versus 2 . In the dairy liquid manure solid composition typically been appropriate, but the addition of beef cattle need water in order to be appropriate composition .
Frequency of intake of dirt done regularly every day or every two days depending on the amount of dirt that is available and supporting facilities owned . Entry of these impurities can be done manually or by way of transported through the channel .
7.Energy,Needs
Manure management through the process of an- aerobic reactor will produce a gas that can be used as energy . Thus , farmers will need energy from biogas sources must be one of the main factors . This is because , when other energy such as electricity , kerosene or firewood easy , cheap and available enough in the breeder , then the energy that comes from biogas is not attractive,to,be,used .
When energy from other sources available , farmers can be directed to process manure into compost,or,compost,worms(vermicompost) .
8.Distance,(cage-biogas-house)
The energy generated from biogas reactors can be used for cooking , lighting petromak , run electrical generators , engines egg warmers / ungas etc. . Besides hot water generated can be used,for,sanitary,processes,dairy,cows .
The utilization of this energy can be optimal when the distance between livestock barns , biogas reactors and breeder houses telampau not reach far and still allow the distribution of biogas installations . Because in general the use of biogas is done in house breeder good for cooking,and,other,purposes .
9.Biogas,Side,Management,Results
Biogas byproduct management intended to use it as fertilizer liquid or solid manure ( compost ) . Pengeolahannya relatively simple: for liquid manure fermented with the addition of bio-activator that can be better haranya elements , while to make compost byproduct of biogas need to be reduced water content in a way precipitated , filtered or dried .
Fertilizer produced can be used alone or sold to a local farmer groups and become an additional,source,for,farmers .
10.Supporting,Facilities
Means of support in the utilization of biogas consists of waterways / drainage , water and tools . These tools can facilitate the operation and maintenance of biogas installations . The drains can be used to drain the manure from the stables to the biogas reactor so that the dirt does not need to be transported manually . Water used to clean animal cages and are also used to make solid liquid manure composition accordingly. While working equipment is used to facilitate / ease the work / maintenance of biogas installations .
4.The,Potential,of,Biogas,from,Waste,Cattle,in,Indonesia
In general, cattle farmers in Indonesia have an average of 2-5 cows with scattered locations are not clustered . So that was a good waste handling solids, liquids and gases such as feces and urine as well as the rest of the feed discharged into the environment causing pollution . Waste treatment is simply to use as organic fertilizer . ( MOA , 2006)
Known cow weighing 450 kg of waste in the form of feces and urine of approximately 25 kg per day ( MOA , 2006) .
And if it is not done
properly handling it will cause environmental problems of air pollution , soil
and water as well as the spread of infectious diseases . So it is very
necessary efforts to reduce the negative impact of the activities of one cattle
farm with good handling of the waste generated,by,biogas. .
The results of the average biogas 3-5 cows are equivalent to 1-2 liters of kerosene / day ( MOA , 2006) . Thus a family of farmers who previously used kerosene for cooking can save kerosene 1-2 liters / day . Utilization of biogas as an alternative energy in Indonesia is very possible to be applied in the community , especially now that fuel prices are more expensive and sometimes rare presence . The magnitude of the potential of solid biomass waste in Indonesia such as wood from forests processing industrial activities , agriculture and plantations ; animal manure , cow manure , for example , buffalo , horses , and pigs are also found throughout the Indonesian provinces with different qualities .
Biogas technology is a technology that can be used anywhere as long as there waste to be processed and sufficient water . In developed countries the development of biogas technology in line with the development of other technologies . For conditions in Indonesia , biogas technology can be built with collective ownership and maintained together . As announced by the Directorate General of Aquaculture Directorate Ruminant Livestock Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia through joint Livestock Biogas Development Community(BATAMAS),which,began,in,2006 .
Some of the reasons why the use of biogas has not been popular among breeders or if there are many who are no longer in operation , namely the lack of socialization , less practical applied technology and need careful maintenance and lack of farmers' knowledge about the maintenance,of,the,digester .
Biogas technology can be developed with the input of a simple technology with the materials available in the local market . Energy Biogas can also be obtained from household wastewater ; liquid manure from chicken farms , pig ; organic waste from markets , food industry,and,so,on.
In addition, other businesses that can synergize with these activities is a worm farm to feed the fish / poultry , industrial tofu / tempeh can produce tofu can be used as cattle feed and liquid waste as input material production of biogas . Small industry supporters also can develop , such as red brick industrial , industrial gas burners, industrial lighting , water heaters and so on . So the development of biogas technology directly or indirectly expected to create,new,jobs,in.rural.areas .
Utilization of biogas as an energy source based on a small industrial processing of agricultural products can give multiple effects and can be the driving dynamics of rural development . Also, it can also be used to increase the value added by way of green labeling on products processed in the process by the use of green energy ( Widodo et al . , 2006) .
The results of the average biogas 3-5 cows are equivalent to 1-2 liters of kerosene / day ( MOA , 2006) . Thus a family of farmers who previously used kerosene for cooking can save kerosene 1-2 liters / day . Utilization of biogas as an alternative energy in Indonesia is very possible to be applied in the community , especially now that fuel prices are more expensive and sometimes rare presence . The magnitude of the potential of solid biomass waste in Indonesia such as wood from forests processing industrial activities , agriculture and plantations ; animal manure , cow manure , for example , buffalo , horses , and pigs are also found throughout the Indonesian provinces with different qualities .
Biogas technology is a technology that can be used anywhere as long as there waste to be processed and sufficient water . In developed countries the development of biogas technology in line with the development of other technologies . For conditions in Indonesia , biogas technology can be built with collective ownership and maintained together . As announced by the Directorate General of Aquaculture Directorate Ruminant Livestock Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia through joint Livestock Biogas Development Community(BATAMAS),which,began,in,2006 .
Some of the reasons why the use of biogas has not been popular among breeders or if there are many who are no longer in operation , namely the lack of socialization , less practical applied technology and need careful maintenance and lack of farmers' knowledge about the maintenance,of,the,digester .
Biogas technology can be developed with the input of a simple technology with the materials available in the local market . Energy Biogas can also be obtained from household wastewater ; liquid manure from chicken farms , pig ; organic waste from markets , food industry,and,so,on.
In addition, other businesses that can synergize with these activities is a worm farm to feed the fish / poultry , industrial tofu / tempeh can produce tofu can be used as cattle feed and liquid waste as input material production of biogas . Small industry supporters also can develop , such as red brick industrial , industrial gas burners, industrial lighting , water heaters and so on . So the development of biogas technology directly or indirectly expected to create,new,jobs,in.rural.areas .
Utilization of biogas as an energy source based on a small industrial processing of agricultural products can give multiple effects and can be the driving dynamics of rural development . Also, it can also be used to increase the value added by way of green labeling on products processed in the process by the use of green energy ( Widodo et al . , 2006) .
REFERENCES
Bajracharya , TR , A. Dhungana . , N. and G. Hamal Thapaliya . , 1985. Purification and Compression of Biogas : Research Experience . Journal of the Institute of Engineering 7 ( 1 ) :1-9.
Department of Agriculture . , 2009. Waste Utilization and Livestock Manure Biogas Energy Being . Bioenergy series countryside . Directorate General of Directorate General of Agricultural Products Processing and Marketing of Agricultural Products , Jakarta .
Department of Agriculture . , 2007. Scale Biogas for Household Electric Generator . News Research and Development , Vol . No. 29 . 2 . Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development,Jakarta .
Department of Agriculture . , 2006. Livestock Biogas Development Collaborative ( BATAMAS).Ruminant,Directorate,of,Aquaculture,Jakarta .
General Department of Electricity and Energy Utilization " The reasoning and problem Utilization of Biofuels " . , 2006. Biofuel National Seminar " Implementation of Biofuels as Alternative Energy " .
Bajracharya , TR , A. Dhungana . , N. and G. Hamal Thapaliya . , 1985. Purification and Compression of Biogas : Research Experience . Journal of the Institute of Engineering 7 ( 1 ) :1-9.
Department of Agriculture . , 2009. Waste Utilization and Livestock Manure Biogas Energy Being . Bioenergy series countryside . Directorate General of Directorate General of Agricultural Products Processing and Marketing of Agricultural Products , Jakarta .
Department of Agriculture . , 2007. Scale Biogas for Household Electric Generator . News Research and Development , Vol . No. 29 . 2 . Center for Agricultural Mechanization Development,Jakarta .
Department of Agriculture . , 2006. Livestock Biogas Development Collaborative ( BATAMAS).Ruminant,Directorate,of,Aquaculture,Jakarta .
General Department of Electricity and Energy Utilization " The reasoning and problem Utilization of Biofuels " . , 2006. Biofuel National Seminar " Implementation of Biofuels as Alternative Energy " .
